Citation Select	Nong K, Jeppesen BT, Shi Q, Agoritsas T, Guyatt GH, White H, Gao Y, Agarwal A, Macdonald H, Zou X, Millard T, Schnell O, Marx N, Brosius FC 3rd, McDonald S, Quigley M, Tian X, Fan Q, White B, Mao Y, Pan X, Liu C, Zhai C, Yuan C, Li Q, An J, Gan Y, Wang Y, Jin Y, Sun F, Zhu Z, Rydén L, Standl E, Turner T, Vandvik PO, Li S Medications for adults with type 2 diabetes: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis BMJ. 2025 Aug 14;390:e083039. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2024-083039
Citation Select	SOUL Study Group; McGuire DK, Marx N, Mulvagh SL, Deanfield JE, Inzucchi SE, Pop-Busui R, Mann JFE, Emerson SS, Poulter NR, Engelmann MDM, Ripa MS, Hovingh GK, Brown-Frandsen K, Bain SC, Cavender MA, Gislum M, David JP, Buse JB Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk Type 2 Diabètes N Engl J Med. 2025 May 29;392(20):2001-2012. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2501006
Citation Select	Drake T, Landsteiner A, Langsetmo L, MacDonald R, Anthony M, Kalinowski C, Ullman K, Billington CJ, Kaka A, Sultan S, Wilt TJ Newer Pharmacologic Treatments in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis for the American College of Physicians Ann Intern Med. 2024 Apr 19. doi: 10.7326/M23-1490. Epub ahead of print
Citation Select	GRADE Research Group, Kirkman MS, Tripputi M, Krause-Steinrauf H, Bebu I, AbouAssi H, Burch H, Duran-Valdez E, Florez H, Garvey WT, Hsia DS, Salam M, Pop-Busui R Comparative Effects of Randomized Second-line Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes on a Composite Outcome Incorporating Glycemic Control, Body Weight, and Hypoglycemia: An Analysis of Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GR Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 9:dc231332. doi: 10.2337/dc23-1332
Citation Select	Santoro A, Kahn BB Adipocyte Regulation of Insulin Sensitivity and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes N Engl J Med. 2023 Jun 1;388(22):2071-2085. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2216691
Citation Select	George L Bakris 1, Rajiv Agarwal 1, Stefan D Anker 1, Bertram Pitt 1, Luis M Ruilope 1, Peter Rossing 1, Peter Kolkhof 1, Christina Nowack 1, Patrick Schloemer 1, Amer Joseph 1, Gerasimos Filippatos 1, FIDELIO-DKD Investigators Effect of Finerenone on Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 3;383(23):2219-2229. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2025845
Citation Select	Julio Rosenstock, Harpreet S Bajaj, Andrej Janež, Robert Silver, Kamilla Begtrup, Melissa V Hansen, Ting Jia, Ronald Goldenberg, NN1436-4383 Investigators Once-Weekly Insulin for Type 2 Diabetes without Previous Insulin Treatment N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 26;383(22):2107-2116. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2022474
Citation Select	Neuen Young Heerspink Neal Perkovic Billot Mahaffey Charytan Wheeler Arnott Bompoint Levin Jardine SGLT2 inhibitors for the prevention of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Nov;7(11):845-854
Citation Select	Mosenzon O, Wiviott SD, Cahn A, Rozenberg A, Yanuv I, Goodrich EL, Murphy SA, Heerspink HJL, Zelniker TA, Dwyer JP, Bhatt DL, Leiter LA, McGuire DK, Wilding JPH, Kato ET, Gause-Nilsson IAM, Fredriksson M, Johansson PA, Langkilde AM, Sabatine MS, Raz I Effects of dapagliflozin on development and progression of kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: an analysis from the DECLARE-TIMI 58 randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Jun 10. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30180-9. [Epub ahead of print]
Citation Select	Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Aghar-Jaffar R, Shun-Shin MJ, Francis D, Oliver N, Meeran K Association Between Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Agonists, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors With All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis JAMA. 2018 04 17;319(15):1580-1591
Citation Select	Neal Perkovic Mahaffey de Zeeuw Fulcher Erondu Shaw Law Desai Matthews CANVAS Program Collaborative Group Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 17;377(7):644-657
Citation Select	Crowley MJ, Diamantidis CJ, McDuffie JR, Cameron CB, Stanifer JW, Mock CK, Wang X, Tang S, Nagi A, Kosinski AS, Williams JW Jr Clinical Outcomes of Metformin Use in Populations With Chronic Kidney Disease, Congestive Heart Failure, or Chronic Liver Disease: A Systematic Review Ann Intern Med. 2017 Feb 07;166(3):191-200
Citation Select	Bain S, Druyts E, Balijepalli C, Baxter CA, Currie CJ, Das R, Donnelly R, Khunti K, Langerman H, Leigh P, Siliman G, Thorlund K, Toor K, Vora J, Mills EJ Cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality associated with sulphonylureas compared with other antihyperglycaemic drugs: A Bayesian meta-analysis of survival data Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017 Mar;19(3):329-335
Citation Select	EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators; Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, Mattheus M, Devins T, Johansen OE, Woerle HJ, Broedl UC, Inzucchi SE Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373(22):2117-28
Citation Select	Bannister The Cochrane Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Cardiff School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK., Holden SE, Jenkins-Jones S, Morgan CL, Halcox JP, Schernthaner G, Mukherjee J, Currie CJ Can people with type 2 diabetes live longer than those without? A comparison of mortality in people initiated with metformin or sulphonylurea monotherapy and matched, non-diabetic controls Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014 Nov;16(11):1165-73
Citation Select	The ORIGIN Trial Investigators The ORIGIN Trial Investigators, n-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jun 11. [Epub ahead of print]
Citation Select	Patil HR, Al Badarin FJ, Shami HA, Bhatti SK, Lavie CJ, Bell DS, O,Keefe JH Meta-Analysis of Effect of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors on Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Am J Cardiol. 2012 Sep 15;110(6):826-33
Citation Select	Boussageon Department of General Medicine, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France., Supper I, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Kellou N, Cucherat M, Boissel JP, Kassai B, Moreau A, Gueyffier F, Cornu C Reappraisal of metformin efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials PLoS Med. 2012;9(4):e1001204
Citation Select	ROADMAP Trial Investigators, Haller H, Ito S, Izzo Jr, Januszewicz A, Katayama S, Menne J, Mimran A, Rabelink TJ, Ritz E, Ruilope LM, Rump LC, Viberti G Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 10;364(10):907-17
Citation Select	Iglesias P, Polini A, Muñoz A, Dardano A, Prado F, Castiglioni M, Guerrero MT, Tognini S, Macías MC, Díez JJ, Monzani F Fasting hyperglycaemia and in-hospital mortality in elderly population Int J Clin Pract. 2011 Mar;65(3):308-13
Citation Select	Lim S, Kang SM, Shin H, Lee HJ, Won Yoon J, Yu SH, Kim SY, Yoo SY, Jung HS, Park KS, Ryu JO, Jang HC Improved glycemic control without hypoglycemia in elderly diabetic patients using the ubiquitous healthcare service, a new medical information system Diabetes Care. 2011 Feb;34(2):308-13
Citation Select	Evans JM, Doney AS, AlZadjali MA, Ogston SA, Petrie JR, Morris AD, Struthers AD, Wong AK, Lang CC Effect of Metformin on mortality in patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus Am J Cardiol. 2010 Oct 1;106(7):1006-10
Citation Select	Ferrannini E, Ramos SJ, Salsali A, Tang W, List JF Dapagliflozin monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control by diet and exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial Diabetes Care. 2010 Oct;33(10):2217-24
Citation Select	Sitagliptin Study 049 Group, Aschner P, Katzeff HL, Guo H, Sunga S, Williams-Herman D, Kaufman KD, Goldstein BJ Efficacy and safety of monotherapy of sitagliptin compared with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010 Mar;12(3):252-61
Citation Select	Misso ML, Egberts KJ, Page M, O,Connor D, Shaw J Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) versus multiple insulin injections for type 1 diabetes mellitus Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD005103
Citation Select	4-T Study Group; Holman RR, Farmer AJ, Davies MJ, Levy JC, Darbyshire JL, Keenan JF, Paul SK Three-year efficacy of complex insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct 29;361(18):1736-47
Citation Select	DIAD Investigators; Young LH, Wackers FJ, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, Taillefer R, Heller GV, Iskandrian AE, Wittlin SD, Filipchuk N, Ratner RE, Inzucchi SE Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: the DIAD study: a randomized controlled trial JAMA. 2009 Apr 15;301(15):1547-55
Citation Select	Kooy A, de Jager J, Lehert P, Bets D, Wulffelé MG, Donker AJ, Stehouwer CD, Long-term effects of metformin on metabolism and microvascular and macrovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Mar 23;169(6):616-25
Citation Select	Mannucci E, Monami M, Marchionni N Short-acting insulin analogues vs. regular human insulin in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009 Jan;11(1):53-9
Citation Select	VADT Investigators; Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, Reda D, Emanuele N, Reaven PD, Zieve FJ, Marks J, Davis SN, Hayward R, Warren SR, Goldman S, McCarren M, Vitek ME, Henderson WG, Huang GD Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med. 2009 Jan 8;360(2):129-39
Citation Select	Hollander P, Cooper J, Bregnhøj J, Pedersen CB, A 52-week, multinational, open-label, parallel-group, noninferiority, treat-to-target trial comparing insulin detemir with insulin glargine in a basal-bolus regimen with mealtime insulin aspart in patients with type 2 diabetes Clin Ther. 2008 Nov;30(11):1976-87
Citation Select	Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group; Tamborlane WV, Beck RW, Bode BW, Buckingham B, Chase HP, Clemons R, Fiallo-Scharer R, Fox LA, Gilliam LK, Hirsch IB, Huang ES, Kollman C, Kowalski AJ, Laffel L, Lawrence JM, Lee J, Mauras N, O,Grady M, Ruedy KJ, Tansey M, Tsalikian E, Weinzimer S, Wilson DM, Wolpert H, Wysocki T, Xing D Continuous glucose monitoring and intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 2;359(14):1464-76
Citation Select	Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA, 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 9;359(15):1577-89
Citation Select	Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, Goff Jr, Bigger JT, Buse JB, Cushman WC, Genuth S, Ismail-Beigi F, Grimm Jr, Probstfield JL, Simons-Morton DG, Friedewald WT Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2545-59
Citation Select	ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, Woodward M, Marre M, Cooper M, Glasziou P, Grobbee D, Hamet P, Harrap S, Heller S, Liu L, Mancia G, Mogensen CE, Pan C, Poulter N, Rodgers A, Williams B, Bompoint S, de Galan BE, Joshi R, Travert F Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2560-72
Citation Select	Ramirez MA, Borja NL Epalrestat: an aldose reductase inhibitor for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy Pharmacotherapy. 2008 May;28(5):646-55
Citation Select	Howard BV, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Fleg JL, Galloway JM, Henderson JA, Howard WJ, Lee ET, Mete M, Poolaw B, Ratner RE, Russell M, Silverman A, Stylianou M, Umans JG, Wang W, Weir MR, Weissman NJ, Wilson C, Yeh F, Zhu J, Effect of lower targets for blood pressure and LDL cholesterol on atherosclerosis in diabetes: the SANDS randomized trial. JAMA. 2008 Apr 9;299(14):1678-89
Citation Select	Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med. 2008 Feb 7;358(6):580-91
Citation Select	Holman RR, Thorne KI, Farmer AJ, Davies MJ, Keenan JF, Paul S, Levy JC, 4-T Study Group 4-T Study Group, Addition of biphasic, prandial, or basal insulin to oral therapy in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2007 Oct 25;357(17):1716-30
Citation Select	Eurich DT, McAlister FA, Blackburn DF, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, Varney J, Johnson JA Benefits and harms of antidiabetic agents in patients with diabetes and heart failure: systematic review BMJ. 2007 Sep 8;335(7618):497
Citation Select	Patel A, ADVANCE Collaborative Group, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Woodward M, Billot L, Harrap S, Poulter N, Marre M, Cooper M, Glasziou P, Grobbee DE, Hamet P, Heller S, Liu LS, Mancia G, Mogensen CE, Pan CY, Rodgers A, Williams B Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial Lancet. 2007 Sep 8;370(9590):829-40
Citation Select	Amori RE, Lau J, Pittas AG Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis JAMA. 2007 Jul 11;298(2):194-206
Citation Select	Nissen SE, Wolski K Effect of Rosiglitazone on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Death from Cardiovascular Causes. N Engl J Med. 2007 June 14;356(24):2457-71. Epub 2007 May 21
Citation Select	ADOPT Study Group; Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA, Herman WH, Holman RR, Jones NP, Kravitz BG, Lachin JM, O,Neill MC, Zinman B, Viberti G Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 7;355(23):2427-43
Citation Select	Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group; Lindstrom J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Eriksson JG, Hemio K, Hamalainen H, Harkonen P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Mannelin M, Paturi M, Sundvall J, Valle TT, Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Lancet. 2006 Nov 11;368(9548):1673-9
Citation Select	Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A, Dyck PJ, Gurieva I, Low PA, Munzel U, Yakhno N, Raz I, Novosadova M, Maus J, Samigullin R Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial Diabetes Care. 2006 Nov;29(11):2365-70
Citation Select	Ceglia L, Lau J, Pittas AG Meta-analysis: efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin therapy in adults with diabetes mellitus Ann Intern Med. 2006 Nov 7;145(9):665-75
Citation Select	Hotta N, Akanuma Y, Kawamori R, Matsuoka K, Oka Y, Shichiri M, Toyota T, Nakashima M, Yoshimura I, Sakamoto N, Shigeta Y Long-term clinical effects of epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on diabetic peripheral neuropathy: the 3-year, multicenter, comparative Aldose Reductase Inhibitor-Diabetes Complications Trial Diabetes Care. 2006 Jul;29(7):1538-44
Citation Select	Siebenhofer A, Plank J, Berghold A, Jeitler K, Horvath K, Narath M, Gfrerer R, Pieber TR Short acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Apr 19;(2):CD003287
Citation Select	Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group; Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ, Raskin P, Zinman B Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 22;353(25):2643-53
Citation Select	PROactive investigators; Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, Erdmann E, Massi-Benedetti M, Moules IK, Skene AM, Tan MH, Lefèbvre PJ, Murray GD, Standl E, Wilcox RG, Wilhelmsen L, Betteridge J, Birkeland K, Golay A, Heine RJ, Korányi L, Laakso M, Mokán M, Norkus A, Pirags V, Podar T, Scheen A, Scherbaum W, Schernthaner G, Schmitz O, Skrha J, Smith U, Taton J Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 Oct 8;366(9493):1279-89
Citation Select	Janka HU, Plewe G, Riddle MC, Kliebe-Frisch C, Schweitzer MA, Yki-Jarvinen H Comparison of basal insulin added to oral agents versus twice-daily premixed insulin as initial insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care. 2005 Feb;28(2):254-9
Citation Select	Exubera Phase III Study Group; Quattrin T, Belanger A, Bohannon NJ, Schwartz SL Efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin (Exubera) compared with subcutaneous insulin therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes: results of a 6-month, randomized, comparative trial Diabetes Care. 2004 Nov;27(11):2622-7
Citation Select	Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril Study Group; Barnett AH, Bain SC, Bouter P, Karlberg B, Madsbad S, Jervell J, Mustonen J Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 4;351(19):1952-61
Citation Select	Goudswaard A, Furlong Nj, Rutten G, Stolk R, Valk G Insulin monotherapy versus combinations of insulin with oral hypoglycaemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 Oct 18;(4):CD003418
Citation Select	Hollander PA, Blonde L, Rowe R, Mehta AE, Milburn JL, Hershon KS, Chiasson JL, Levin SR Efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin (exubera) compared with subcutaneous insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: results of a 6-month, randomized, comparative trial Diabetes Care. 2004 Oct;27(10):2356-62
Citation Select	Royle P, Waugh N, McAuley L, McIntyre L, Thomas S Inhaled insulin in diabetes mellitus Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(3):CD003890
Citation Select	Perkins BA, Ficociello LH, Silva KH, Finkelstein DM, Warram JH, Krolewski AS Regression of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 5;348(23):2285-93
Citation Select	Salpeter S, Greyber E, Pasternak G, Salpeter E Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jan 25;(1):CD002967
Citation Select	Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 7;346(6):393-403
Citation Select	UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34) Lancet. 1998 Sep 12;352(9131):854-65
Citation Select	UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33) Lancet. 1998 Sep 12;352(9131):837-53